Read More The controversy over the destruction of Nalanda Is Bakhtiyar Khalji really responsible Skip to main content

The controversy over the destruction of Nalanda Is Bakhtiyar Khalji really responsible


āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻা āϧ্āĻŦংāϏেāϰ āĻŦিāϤāϰ্āĻ• āĻŦāĻ–āϤি⧟াāϰ āĻ–āϞāϜি āĻ•ি āφāϏāϞেāχ āĻĻা⧟ী | The controversy over the destruction of Nalanda is whether Bakhtiyar Khalji was really responsible







 āĻŦāĻ–āϤি⧟াāϰ āĻ–āϞāϜি āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻা āϧ্āĻŦংāϏ āĻ•āϰেāύি, āĻŦāĻ–āϤি⧟াāϰ āφāϏাāϰ āĻĒāϰ āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻাāϏāĻš āĻāϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻšাāϜাāϰ-āĻšাāϜাāϰ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻāĻŽāύি āĻāĻŽāύিāχ āĻšাāĻ“ā§Ÿা⧟ āĻŽিāϞি⧟ে āĻ—ি⧟েāĻ›িāϞো। āĻŦāĻ–āϤি⧟াāϰ āĻ–āϞāϜি āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻা⧟ āĻĒা-āχ āĻĢেāϞেāύি āϤāĻŦুāĻ“ āĻļুāϧু āĻļুāϧু āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻা āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āύাāĻŽ āĻŦāĻĻāϞে āĻŦāĻ–āϤি⧟াāϰāĻĒুāϰ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। 


āĻŦāĻ–āϤি⧟াāϰ āĻ–āϞāϜিāϏāĻš āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ āĻļাāϏāĻ•েāϰা āĻ–ুāĻŦāχ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāύুāϰাāĻ—ী āĻ›িāϞো āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ•োāύো āĻāĻ• āϰāĻšāϏ্āϝāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύ āĻļাāϏāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āĻ›ā§ŸāĻļāϤ āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āĻļাāϏāύে āĻāχ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āĻāĻ•āϟা āϏিāĻ™্āĻ—āϞ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāĻ“ āĻ—ā§œে āωāĻ েāύি৷ "


āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāϏ্āϟāϰা āĻŽি⧟াāύāĻŽাāϰে āĻšাāϜাāϰāĻŦāĻ›āϰ āύিāϰāĻŦিāϚ্āĻ›িāύ্āύ āĻļাāϏāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϤাāϰাāĻ“ āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻা āĻ•িংāĻŦা āϜāĻ—āĻĻ্āĻĻāϞ āĻŦিāĻšাāϰেāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻāĻ•āϟা āϏিāĻ™্āĻ—āϞ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻ—ā§œে āϤুāϞāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύি।  āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻāχāϰāĻ•āĻŽ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻ—ā§œে āϤোāϞা āĻŦৈāϰাāĻ—্āϝāĻŦাāĻĻী āĻāĻ•āĻŽুāĻ–ী āφāχāĻĄিāĻ“āϞোāϜিāϰ āĻ…āύুāϏাāϰী āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāϏ্āϟāĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻŽāϰ্āĻĨ্āϝেāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে āĻ›িāϞো। āϤাāϰা āĻŽি⧟াāύāĻŽাāϰে āϞাāĻ–ো āϏ্āϤুāĻĒ āĻŦাāύি⧟েāĻ›ে āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻ•āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻāχ āĻ•াāϜāϟিāχ āϤাāϰা āϜাāύāϤো। 


#āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻাāϏāĻš āĻšাāϜাāϰ-āĻšাāϜাāϰ āϝāϤো āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻ­াāϰāϤāĻŦāϰ্āώে āĻ›িāϞো āϏāĻŦāχ āĻ›িāϞো āĻšিāύ্āĻĻু āĻļৈāĻŦ-āĻŦৈāώ্āĻŖāĻŦ āϰাāϜাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āĻŦāĻšুāϤ্āĻŦāĻŦাāĻĻী āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ । āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻা āύি⧟ে āφāϞোāϚāύা⧟ āϏুāĻ•ৌāĻļāϞে āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāϤা āĻŦৈāώ্āĻŖāĻŦ āĻšিāύ্āĻĻু āϏāĻŽ্āϰাāϟ āĻ•ুāĻŽাāϰāĻ—ুāĻĒ্āϤেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āĻ†ā§œাāϞ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻা⧟ āĻ–āύāύāĻ•াāϰ্āϝ āϚাāϞাāύো āφāϰ্āĻ•িāĻ“āϞāϜিāϏ্āϟāĻĻেāϰ āϞিāϏ্āϟ āĻĻেāĻ–āϞে āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻ•āĻŽ্āϝুāύিāϏ্āϟ, āĻĒ্āϝাāύāχāϏāϞাāĻŽিāϏ্āϟ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•āϞোāύিāϏ্āϟ āφāχāĻĄিāĻ“āϞোāĻ—āĻĻেāϰāχ āĻĒাāĻŦেāύ āϝাāϰা āϜেāύে-āĻŦুāĻেāχ āĻāχāϏāĻŦ āĻšিāύ্āĻĻু āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāĻ•ে āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāϏ্āϟ āĻŦāϞে āĻĄাāĻšাāĻŽিāĻĨ্āϝে āύ্āϝাāϰেāϟিāĻ­āϏ āϤৈāϰী āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে।


ā§Ŧā§Ļā§Ļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āĻļাāϏāύে āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύāĻ—āĻŖ āĻāĻ•āϟা āϏিāĻ™্āĻ—āϞ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻ—ā§œāϤে āύা āĻĒাāϰāϞেāĻ“ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻļৈāĻŦ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦৈāώ্āĻŖāĻŦ āϰাāϜাāϰা āϝে āĻļāϤ-āĻļāϤ  āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻ—ā§œে āϤুāϞেāĻ›িāϞো āϏেāĻ—ুāϞো āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύāĻ—āĻŖ āφāϏাāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻļোāĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻ—ুāϞো āĻšাāϰি⧟ে āϝা⧟। āύিāϚে āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻŦাংāϞাāĻĻেāĻļ āĻ­ূāĻ–āĻŖ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟিāϰ āύাāĻŽ āĻĻিāϞাāĻŽ āϝেāĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āϧ্āĻŦংāϏāϏ্āϤূāĻĒ āĻāĻ–āύো āϟিāĻ•ে āφāĻ›ে। 


ā§§) āϏোāĻŽāĻĒুāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻšাāϰ 

⧍) āĻ­āĻŦāĻĻেāĻŦ āĻŦিāĻšাāϰ,  āĻ•ুāĻŽিāϞ্āϞা।  āϝেāϟি āĻšিāύ্āĻĻু āĻŦৈāώ্āĻŖāĻŦ āĻĻেāĻŦ āϰাāϜāĻŦংāĻļ  āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ। 

ā§Š) āϜāĻ—āĻĻ্āĻĻāϞ āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻšাāϰ āϝেāϟিāϰ āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻļেāώ āφāϚাāϰ্āϝ্āϝ āĻļাāĻ•্āϝāĻļ্āϰীāĻ­āĻĻ্āϰ ⧧⧍ā§Ļā§Ē āϏাāϞে āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύāĻĻেāϰ āĻšাāϤ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦাঁāϚāϤে āϤিāĻŦ্āĻŦāϤে āĻĒāϞা⧟āύ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āĻŽুāϏāϞāĻŽাāύāĻ—āĻŖ ⧧⧍ā§Ļā§­ āϏাāϞে āĻāϟি āĻĒāϰিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖāϰূāĻĒে āϧ্āĻŦংāϏ āĻ•āϰে।

ā§Ē) āĻšāϞুāĻĻ āĻŦিāĻšাāϰ

ā§Ģ) āĻŽāĻšাāϏ্āĻĨাāύāĻ—ā§œ 

ā§Ŧ) āĻŦāϏু āĻŦিāĻšাāϰ 

ā§­) āϏীāϤাāĻ•োāϟ āĻŦিāĻšাāϰ


ā§Ž) āϏিāϞেāϟ āϚāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāĻĒুāϰ āĻŦিāĻšাāϰ৷  āϚāύ্āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦংāĻļীāϝ় āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟ āϰাāϜা āĻļ্āϰীāϚāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āφāύুāĻŽাāύিāĻ• ā§¯ā§Šā§Ļ- ⧝⧭ā§Ģ āĻ–্āϰি. āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ-āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻŦাংāϞা āĻļাāϏāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āϤাঁāϰ āĻļাāϏāύāĻ•াāϞেāϰ āĻĒāĻž্āϚāĻŽ āĻŦāϰ্āώে (āφāύু. ā§¯ā§Šā§Ģ āĻ–্āϰি.) āϤিāύি āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞāϝ় āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϤিāύāϟি āĻĻাāύāĻĒāϤ্āϰে ā§Ēā§Ļā§Ļ āĻĒাāϟāĻ• (āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻĒাāϟāĻ• ā§Ģā§Ļ āĻāĻ•āϰ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় ⧍ā§Ļ,ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻāĻ•āϰ) āĻ­ূāĻŽি āĻŽāĻšাāĻĻেāĻŦ, āĻŦিāώ্āĻŖু āĻāĻŦং āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ āύাāĻŽে āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। ⧧⧝ā§Ģā§Ž āϏাāϞে āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āĻŽৌāϞāĻ­ীāĻŦাāϜাāϰেāϰ āϰাāϜāύāĻ—āϰ āωāĻĒāϜেāϞাāϰ āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽāĻ­াāĻ— āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽে āĻļ্āϰীāϚāύ্āĻĻ্āϰেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϤাāĻŽ্āϰāĻļাāϏāύ āφāĻŦিāώ্āĻ•ৃāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–্āϝ āϝে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āφāĻŦাāϏিāĻ• āĻāχ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞ⧟ে āĻŦিāĻĻেāĻļী āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāϰ্āĻĨীāĻĻেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āφāϞাāĻĻা āϚাāϰāϟি āĻŽāĻ  āĻ›িāϞো। 


⧝) āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻĒুāϰ āĻŦিāĻšাāϰ, āĻŽāĻšাāϜ্āĻžাāύী āύাāϏ্āϤিāĻ•āĻĒāĻŖ্āĻĄিāϤ āĻ…āϤীāĻļ āĻĻীāĻĒāĻ™্āĻ•āϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ। 


āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āύāϤাāϤ্āϤ্āĻŦিāĻ• āĻ…āύুāϏāύ্āϧাāύে āĻāχ āϏāĻŦāĻ—ুāϞো āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻŽিāϞ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ—েāĻ›ে āϏেāϟি āĻšāϞ āĻāχāϏāĻŦāĻ—ুāϞো 1200 āĻĨেāĻ•ে 1300 āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝেāχ āϧ্āĻŦংāϏ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āφāϰ āĻ িāĻ• āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿāϟা āĻšāϞো āχāϏāϞাāĻŽী āĻļাāϏāύāĻ•াāϞেāϰ āĻļুāϰু।


āĻāϰāĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻŦāĻ–āϤি⧟াāϰ āĻ•āϰ্āϤৃāĻ• āĻ“āĻĻāύ্āϤāĻĒুāϰী āĻāĻŦং āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻাāϰ āϧ্āĻŦংāϏেāϰ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āϤāĻ–āύāĻ•াāϰ āĻŽুāϏāϞিāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāϏ্āϟ āĻĻুāχ āϤāϰāĻĢেāχ āϞিāĻ–া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻŽিāύāĻšাāϜ āχ āϏিāϰাāϜ āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻাāϰ āĻ…āĻĻূāϰে āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻĢ্āϝাāĻ•াāϞ্āϟি āĻ“āĻĻāύ্āϤāĻĒুāϰী āϧ্āĻŦংāϏে āĻ…ংāĻļ āύেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϏৈāύিāĻ•েāϰ āύিāϜ āĻŽুāĻ–েāϰ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāύা āĻļুāύে  āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ।


āĻŦāĻ–āϤি⧟াāϰ āĻ–āϞāϜি āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻাāϰ āĻ›াāϤ্āϰ-āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āĻ•āϚুāĻ•াāϟা āĻ•āϰে āϚāϞে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻĒāϰ āφāĻļāĻĒাāĻļে āĻŦেঁāϚে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ—ুāϟিāĻ•ā§Ÿ āĻ›াāϤ্āϰ-āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ• āĻŽিāϞে ⧝ā§Ļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻŦ⧟āϏ্āĻ• āφāϚাāϰ্āϝ āϰাāĻšুāϞ āĻļ্āϰীāĻ­āĻĻ্āϰেāϰ āĻ…āϧীāύে āφāĻŦাāϰ āϏেāχ āϧ্āĻŦংāϏāϏ্āϤূāĻĒে āϜ⧜ো āĻšā§Ÿে āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻĒাāĻ āĻĻাāύ āϚাāϞু āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϚেāώ্āϟা āĻ•āϰেāύ। āĻāχ āĻ›াāϤ্āϰāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāĻĻ্āϝ āϤিāĻŦ্āĻŦāϤ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽিāĻĨিāϞা āĻšā§Ÿে āφāϏা āϧāϰ্āĻŽāϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽীāĻ“ āĻ›িāϞেāύ।


āύāϤুāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻĒাāĻ āĻĻাāύেāϰ āĻ–āĻŦāϰ āϜাāύāϤে āĻĒেāϰে āĻ–āϞāϜি āφāĻŦাāϰ āϤাāϰ āϏেāύাāĻĻāϞ āĻĒাāĻ া⧟ āĻŦেঁāϚে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ›াāϤ্āϰ-āĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āϜāĻŦাāχ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ।।


āϧāϰ্āĻŽāϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽী āϤাāϰ āϰāϚিāϤ āϜীāĻŦāύী āĻ—্āϰāύ্āĻĨে āĻŦāϞেāύ-  āωāĻĒা⧟াāύ্āϤāϰ āύা āĻĻেāĻ–ে āϤুāϰাāĻ•্āώāϏ/āϤুāϰাāϏ্āĻ• (āϏ্āĻĨাāύী⧟āϰা āϤুāϰ্āĻ•ী āϏেāύাāĻĻāϞāĻ•ে āϤাāχ āĻŦāϞāϤো।) āϏেāύাāĻĻāϞ āφāϏাāϰ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦেāχ āωāύাāϰা āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻা āϚিāϰāϤāϰে āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āĻ•āϰে āϤিāĻŦ্āĻŦāϤেāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āϰāĻ“ā§Ÿাāύা āĻĻেāύ। āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧ āϰাāĻšুāϞ āĻļ্āϰীāĻ­āĻĻ্āϰ āĻŦ⧟āϏেāϰ āĻ­াāϰে āύ্āϝুāĻŦ্āϜ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা⧟ āϤাāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϤিāĻŦ্āĻŦāϤ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ›িāϞোāύা āϤাāχ āϤিāύি āϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰি⧟ āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻাāϤেāχ āϤুāϰাāĻ•্āώāϏ (āϤুāϰ্āĻ•ী) āĻŦাāĻšিāύীāϰ āĻšাāϤে āφāϤ্āĻŽāĻšুāϤী āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āϏিāĻĻ্āϧাāύ্āϤ āύেāύ।  āϧāϰ্āĻŽāϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽীāĻ“ āϤাāϰ āĻ—ুāϰু āĻļ্āϰীāĻ­āĻĻ্āϰāĻ•ে āύা āύি⧟ে āϏ্āĻĨাāύ āϤ্āϝাāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύāύা āĻŦāϞে āϜেāĻĻ āϧāϰা⧟ āĻļেāώāϤāĻ• āĻļ্āϰীāĻ­āĻĻ্āϰ āϤাāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝেāϤে āϰাāϜি āĻšোāύ। 


āϤিāĻŦ্āĻŦāϤ āĻĒৌঁāĻ›ে āϧāϰ্āĻŽāϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽী āϤাāϰ āϜীāĻŦāύীāĻ—্āϰāύ্āĻĨ āϞিāĻ–েāύ āϝেāĻ–াāύে āϤুāϰ্āĻ•ী āϏেāύাāĻĻāϞ āĻ•āϰ্āϤৃāĻ• āύাāϞāύ্āĻĻা, āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻļীāϞা, āĻ…āĻĻāύ্āϤāĻĒুāϰীāϏāĻš āĻ…āϏংāĻ–্āϝ āĻļিāĻ•্āώাāĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āϧ্āĻŦংāϏāϞীāϞা āϞিāĻĒিāĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰেāύ।




Translate English👇




Bakhtiyar Khalji did not destroy Nalanda; rather, following his arrival, thousands of educational institutions—including Nalanda—simply vanished into thin air. Bakhtiyar Khalji never even set foot in Nalanda; yet, for no apparent reason, the name of the Nalanda region was changed to Bakhtiyarpur.




Muslim rulers—Bakhtiyar Khalji among them—were deeply devoted to learning; however, for some mysterious reason, not a single educational institution was established in this region during the subsequent six hundred years of Muslim rule.  "




Buddhists ruled Myanmar continuously for a thousand years, yet even they failed to establish a single educational institution comparable to Nalanda or Jagaddala Vihara. This was because the creation of such institutions lay beyond the capabilities of the Buddhists, who adhered to a renunciatory, unidimensional ideology. They constructed hundreds of thousands of stupas in Myanmar simply because that was the only undertaking they knew how to execute.




#All the thousands of educational institutions that existed across India—including Nalanda—were pluralistic centers of learning established by Hindu Shaiva and Vaishnava monarchs. In discussions concerning Nalanda, the role of its founder—the Vaishnava Hindu Emperor Kumaragupta—is often artfully obscured. A review of the archaeologists who conducted excavations at Nalanda reveals a roster dominated by Communist, Pan-Islamist, and Colonialist ideologues—individuals who, with full intent and knowledge, fabricated patently false narratives misattributing these Hindu-founded institutions as Buddhist establishments.




Although the Muslims failed to establish a single educational institution during their 600-year rule, the hundreds of institutions previously built by Shaiva and Vaishnava monarchs were all obliterated within a century of the Muslim arrival. Listed below are the names of just a few such institutions located within the present-day territory of Bangladesh, the ruins of which still survive today:




1) Somapura Mahavihara




2) Bhavadeva Vihara, Comilla—established by the Hindu Vaishnava Deva dynasty.




3) Jagaddala Mahavihara—whose last *Acharya* (Abbot), Shakya Shri Bhadra, fled to Tibet in 1204 CE to escape the Muslims. The Muslims completely destroyed the site in 1207 CE.




4) Halud Vihara




5) Mahasthangarh




6) Basu Vihara




7) Sitakot Vihara




8) Sylhet Chandrapura Vihara. Sri Chandra, the second monarch of the Chandra dynasty, ruled over southeastern Bengal from approximately 930 to 975 CE. In the fifth year of his reign (c. 935...  ...CE) To establish a university, he donated 400 *patakas* of land (approximately 20,000 acres, calculated at 50 acres per *pataka*) through three separate charters, dedicating the land in the names of Mahadeva, Vishnu, and Buddha. In 1958, a copper-plate inscription belonging to Srichandra was discovered in the village of Pashchimbhag, located in the Rajnagar Upazila of present-day Moulvibazar. It is noteworthy that this university—which was entirely residential in nature—featured four distinct monasteries designated exclusively for foreign students.




9) Vikrampur Vihara, established by the highly learned scholar and philosopher Atisha Dipankara.




Archaeological investigations have revealed a common thread running through all these institutions: every single one of them was destroyed sometime between 1200 and 1300 CE—a period that precisely coincides with the onset of Islamic rule in the region.




Among these events, the destruction of Odantapuri and Nalanda by Bakhtiyar has been documented by chroniclers from both the Muslim and Buddhist traditions of that era. Minhaj-i-Siraj, for instance, recorded his account after personally hearing the testimony of a soldier who had participated in the destruction of Odantapuri—an institution situated in close proximity to Nalanda.




After Bakhtiyar Khilji had massacred the students and teachers of Nalanda and departed, a handful of surviving students and teachers from the surrounding areas gathered amidst the ruins. Under the leadership of the 90-year-old *Acharya* (Master) Rahul Shribhadra, they attempted to resume academic instruction anew. Among these students was Dharmasvami, who had recently arrived from Tibet via Mithila.




Upon learning that classes had resumed, Khilji dispatched his troops once again—this time with orders to slaughter the surviving students and teachers.




In his biographical chronicle, Dharmasvami recounts: Seeing no other alternative, and before the arrival of the *Turakshas* (or *Turaska*) forces—the term locals used to refer to the Turkish troops—they decided to abandon Nalanda forever and set out for Tibet. However, the elderly Rahul Shribhadra, frail and stooped under the weight of his advanced years, realized that he would be physically unable to endure the arduous journey to Tibet; consequently, he resolved to remain in his beloved Nalanda and offer himself as a sacrifice to the invading *Turakshas* (Turkish) forces. Dharmasvami, for his part, vowed that he would not leave the site without his revered Guru, Shribhadra...  Yielding to his persistence, Sri Bhadra ultimately agreed to accompany him.




Upon reaching Tibet, Dharmasvamin authored his biography, in which he chronicled the destruction wrought by Turkish forces upon numerous educational institutions—including Nalanda, Vikramashila, and Odantapuri.




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